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Flame arresters are used where the flame burns in air and has no moving parts to stop flame transmission. The most common applications are found on storage tanks at refineries and terminals where bulk petroleum products are stored. End-of-line arresters are located on the top of the tanks while inline arresters are located in the piping for example of vapour recovery systems. Other common applications are on flares. Essentially any process that stores flammable liquids is at risk of a safety incident and flame arresters are used to protect that process. A complete range of in-line deflagration flame arresters, detonation flame arresters, and end-of-line flame arresters with many options for reliable protection against flames in hazardous environments. Determining the location of the possible initial source of ignition is the key to selecting the correct flame arrestor. Otherwise, the flame arrester may not work when an accident occurs.

Typically a flame arrester comprises a housing (body), an element, and connection(s) to secure i to the pipework or equipment. The flame arrester element is the device that quenches the flame and the majority of flame arrester constructions incorporate a form of “filter eg crimped metal ribbon” that provides small apertures through which the process gas will flow but will prevent flame transmission. The flame front is broken down into smaller flamelets which are cooled by the large heat capacity of the element, thus extinguishing the flame. Due to its construction, the element will cause a pressure drop or an obstruction to the process flow. This characteristic can often be a problem and to compensate, flame arrester designs incorporate a larger element area than the cross-sectional area of the pipework thus reducing the total pressure drop. Larger elements also have a greater heat capacity.

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KITO® inline deflagration flame arresters are used to prevent explosions from spreading to connected equipment. These flame arresters are specifically designed for short sections of pipelines between the potential ignition source and the device. The length of the pipeline is determined by the L/D ratio and varies based on the explosion group.

By considering factors like pressure, temperature, and explosion group, the appropriate deflagration flame arrester can be chosen for a specific application. In certain situations, such as flare lines or thermal incineration plants, it is recommended to install thermocouples on the KITO® flame arrester to detect fires.

When potentially explosive gas-air mixtures ignite in a pipeline, a deflagration can transform into a much more powerful detonation. To deal with this situation, KITO® offers inline detonation flame arresters. These products are specifically designed to handle the increased pressure and flame speed associated with detonations.

The KITO® flame arrester can effectively arrest the flame front after the shock wave. The selection of the appropriate detonation flame arrester depends on the explosion group classification and the maximum operating parameters for pressure and temperature. KITO® provides detonation flame arresters for all explosion groups in various applications. The installation position and flow direction of these flame arresters are flexible, as they are designed to offer protection in both directions. KITO® flame arresters are designed to minimize pressure losses and feature an affordable modular design. Liquid detonation flame arresters are primarily used in pipelines transporting liquids, while detonation-proof foot valves are exclusively used in suction lines for liquid transport.

KITO® inline pressure and vacuum relief valves are used to prevent excessive positive and negative pressure in closed systems. These valves are important in reducing product evaporation losses and emissions. They are typically installed in piping systems and technical process equipment to safely relieve increased positive or negative pressures.

Combined KITO® inline pressure and vacuum relief valves aim to minimize product losses and emissions. By using these valves, significant cost savings can be achieved by reducing evaporation losses based on process conditions.

The valve pallets in the combined KITO® inline pressure and/or vacuum relief valves can be weight or spring-loaded, depending on the desired set pressure. Different valve sealings are used to ensure a low leakage rate between the valve seat and pallet, depending on the valve type and pressure settings. KITO® utilizes proportional valve pallets in their inline pressure and vacuum relief valves, ensuring stable opening and closing operations through the dynamic build-up of backpressure in the piping system.

The KITO® end of line devices, which come in variations with and without an integrated KITO® flame arrester. These devices have a wide range of applications and are designed to address specific customer processes. They are particularly used to enable tanks to release flammable gases safely and protect against flashback from external sources.

The main purpose of these devices is to protect storage tanks and pipeline systems. They play a crucial role in securing openings on storage tanks that release or intake gases into the atmosphere. By preventing flashbacks from the atmosphere into the tank, these end of line devices ensure the safe storage of flammable fluids. They are also commonly used on venting lines that discharge to the atmosphere.

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